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Physics Essentials Cheatsheet
A concise physics cheat sheet covering fundamental concepts, formulas, and laws across mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, and optics. Ideal for quick reference and exam preparation.
Mechanics
Kinematics
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\Delta x = x_f - x_i |
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Average Velocity |
v_{avg} = \frac{\Delta x}{\Delta t} |
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Average Acceleration |
a_{avg} = \frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t} |
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Constant Acceleration |
v = v_0 + at |
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Constant Acceleration |
x = x_0 + v_0t + \frac{1}{2}at^2 |
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Constant Acceleration |
v^2 = v_0^2 + 2a(x - x_0) |
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Projectile Motion (y) |
y = v_{0y}t - \frac{1}{2}gt^2 |
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Projectile Motion (x) |
x = v_{0x}t |
Dynamics
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Newton’s Second Law |
\Sigma F = ma |
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Weight |
W = mg |
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Friction (Kinetic) |
f_k = \mu_k N |
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Friction (Static) |
f_s \le \mu_s N |
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Centripetal Force |
F_c = \frac{mv^2}{r} |
Work and Energy
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Work |
W = Fd\cos\theta |
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Kinetic Energy |
KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 |
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Potential Energy (Gravitational) |
PE_g = mgh |
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Potential Energy (Spring) |
PE_s = \frac{1}{2}kx^2 |
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Power |
P = \frac{W}{\Delta t} |
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Work-Energy Theorem |
W_{net} = \Delta KE |
Thermodynamics
Basic Concepts
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Temperature Conversion (Celsius to Kelvin) |
T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15 |
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Thermal Expansion (Linear) |
\Delta L = \alpha L_0 \Delta T |
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Thermal Expansion (Volume) |
\Delta V = \beta V_0 \Delta T |
Heat and Specific Heat
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Heat Transfer |
Q = mc\Delta T |
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Latent Heat |
Q = mL |
Thermodynamic Processes
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First Law of Thermodynamics |
\Delta U = Q - W |
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Work (Isobaric Process) |
W = P\Delta V |
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Adiabatic Process |
PV^\gamma = constant |
Electromagnetism
Electrostatics
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Coulomb’s Law |
F = k \frac{|q_1q_2|}{r^2} |
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Electric Field |
E = \frac{F}{q} |
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Electric Potential |
V = \frac{k q}{r} |
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Potential Energy |
U = qV |
Circuits
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Ohm’s Law |
V = IR |
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Power (Electrical) |
P = IV = I^2R = \frac{V^2}{R} |
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Series Resistance |
R_{eq} = R_1 + R_2 + ... |
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Parallel Resistance |
\frac{1}{R_{eq}} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + ... |
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Capacitance |
C = \frac{Q}{V} |
Magnetism
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Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge |
F = qvB\sin\theta |
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Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire |
F = ILB\sin\theta |
Optics
Wave Optics
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Index of Refraction |
n = \frac{c}{v} |
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Snell’s Law |
n_1 \sin\theta_1 = n_2 \sin\theta_2 |
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Critical Angle |
\theta_c = \sin^{-1}(\frac{n_2}{n_1}) |
Geometric Optics
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Thin Lens Equation |
\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{d_o} + \frac{1}{d_i} |
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Magnification |
M = -\frac{d_i}{d_o} |